Article
Study objective: to formulate a classification of errors in the perception of spatial and temporal parameters of complex motor actions in 10-12 year old female artistic gymnasts based on a meta-analysis of studies published in foreign peer-reviewed journals of Q1 and Q2 levels.
Study Methods and Organization: The primary research method was meta-analysis. Publications in Q1 and Q2 scientific journals (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases; 2007-2026) were examined. Random-effects meta-analysis (Hedges' standardized mean difference, g), heterogeneity assessment (I2), and subgroup analysis were used for quantitative validation of the identified error types.
Study Results and Discussion: A classification is proposed that includes four groups of error causes (temporal, spatial, kinesthetic, and cognitive), allowing for the identification of 13 specific error types. A quantitative synthesis (N effects > 40) showed that the severity of errors is determined by age and sensory modality. For example, errors of temporal complexity and isochrony level out by 9-10 years of age, whereas errors in cognitive resource allocation require exponentially greater expenditures in primary school-aged children.
Conclusion: Knowledge of errors and their causes provides the basis for targeted work on their correction and prevention in the training process of 10- to 12-year-old gymnasts.
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